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ECMAScript Modules (ESM) are still in stage 3 (not finalized). require import Dynamic evaluation Static evaluation Throws error at runtime Throws error while parsing Non lexical Lexical As Node.js uses commonJS moduling, I will refer to the workflow of node to address the commonJS modules. And will refer the ECMAScript modules as ESM. Syntax difference CommonJS dep.js

dep = {
    foo: function(){},
    bar: 22
}
module.exports = dep;

dep = {

foo: function(){},

bar: 22

}

module.exports = dep;

app.js

var dep = require("dep");
console.log(dep.bar);
dep.foo();

var dep = require("dep");

console.log(dep.bar);

dep.foo();

ESM dep.js

export foo function(){};
export const bar = 22;

export foo function(){};

export const bar = 22;

app.js

import {foo, bar} from "dep";
console.log(bar);
foo();

import {foo, bar} from "dep";

console.log(bar);

foo();

Loading technique difference What Node.js does with

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import vs require – ESM & commonJs module differences

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